Health and Fitness

Fitness refers to the state of being physically and mentally healthy and strong. Fitness is a multifaceted concept that encompasses various physical and mental components, including:

Short clip about Health and Fitness

 
1. Cardiovascular fitness: The ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen to the muscles during sustained physical activity.

2. Muscular strength: The ability of muscles to generate force and move weight.

3. Muscular endurance: The ability of muscles to sustain activity over time.

4. Flexibility: The range of motion of joints and muscles.

5. Body composition: The proportion of body fat to lean body mass.

6. Balance and coordination: The ability to maintain equilibrium and move with grace and precision.

7. Agility: The ability to quickly change direction and speed.

8. Reaction time: The ability to respond quickly to stimuli.

9. Mental fitness: The ability to cope with stress, anxiety, and other mental challenges, including:
    - Resilience: The ability to bounce back from adversity.
    - Focus: The ability to concentrate and stay mentally sharp.
    - Confidence: The belief in one's ability to succeed.

10. Overall well-being: A sense of physical, mental, and emotional health and happiness.

Achieving and maintaining fitness requires a balanced approach that includes regular exercise, healthy nutrition, sufficient sleep, and stress management.

 

 

What is fitness diet?

A fitness diet, also known as a workout diet or athletic diet, is a personalized eating plan designed to support and enhance physical performance and overall health. It typically includes a balanced mix of nutrients, macronutrients, and micronutrients to fuel workouts, aid in recovery, and promote muscle growth and repair.

 

 

 

Key components of a fitness diet:

 

1. Protein: Builds and repairs muscles

 

2. Carbohydrates: Provides energy for workouts

 

3. Healthy fats: Supports hormone production and overall health

 

4. Hydration: Adequate water intake for optimal performance

 

5. Electrolytes: Replenishes lost salts and minerals

 

6. Post-workout nutrition: Consuming a mix of carbs and protein within 30-60 minutes after exercise to aid in recovery

 

7. Meal frequency and timing: Eating regular meals to maintain energy levels and support muscle growth

 

8. Adequate calories: Consuming sufficient calories to support energy needs and muscle growth

 

...

 

A fitness diet may vary depending on individual goals, such as:

 

- Endurance training (e.g., marathon running)

- Strength training (e.g., weightlifting)

- Muscle gain (e.g., bodybuilding)

- Weight loss (e.g., fat loss while maintaining muscle mass)

 

It's important to consult a healthcare professional or registered dietitian to create a personalized fitness diet plan.

 

 

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to computer systems capable of performing complex tasks that only a human do, such as reasoning, making decisions, or solving problems.

 

Invention of AI

John McCarthy (Father of AI)
John McCarthy is considered as the father of Artificial Intelligence. John McCarthy was an American computer scientist. The term "artificial intelligence" was coined by him. He is one of the founder of artificial intelligence, together with Alan Turing, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell, and Herbert A.

Alan Turing
Birth of AI: 1950-1956
Alan Turing published his work by name of “Computer Machinery and Intelligence” which eventually became The Turing Test, and then experts used to measure computer intelligence and the term “artificial intelligence” came into popular use.

Uses of AI

 Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of machines to learn, reason, and perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. Here are some ways AI is being used:

• Healthcare: AI is being used to analyze medical data, identify patterns, and make diagnoses, leading to more accurate and personalized care.
• Finance: AI is being used to detect fraud, make investment recommendations, and provide personalized financial advice.
• Manufacturing: AI is being used to optimize production processes, predict equipment failures, and improve product quality.
• Customer Service: AI is being used to provide automated customer service, with chat bots and virtual assistants able to answer customer queries and resolve issues.
• Education: AI is being used to personalize learning experiences, with adaptive learning systems able to tailor content to the individual needs and abilities of students.

Types of AI

Some of these types of AI aren't even scientifically possible right now. According to the current system of classification, there are four primary AI types:
reactive, limited memory, theory of mind, and self-aware.

Reactive AI was a boundless step in the history of artificial intelligence development, but this types of AIs can’t function beyond the tasks they were initially designed for. It makes them inherently limited and ripe for improvement. Scientists developed the next type of AI from this foundation.

Examples

• Spam filters for our email that keep promotions and phishing attempts out of our inboxes
• The Netflix recommendation engine

Limited memory AI learns from the past and builds experiential knowledge by observing actions or data. This type of AI uses historical, observational data in combination with pre-programmed information to make predictions and perform complex classification tasks. It is the most widely-used kind of AI today.

For example, autonomous vehicles use limited memory AI to observe other cars’ speed and direction, helping them “read the road” and adjust as needed. This process for understanding and interpreting incoming data makes them safer on the roads.

However, limited memory AI – as its name suggests – is still limited. The information that autonomous vehicles work with is fleeting, and it is not saved in the car’s long-term memory.

Theory of mind With this type of AI, machines will acquire true decision-making capabilities that are similar to humans. Machines with theory of mind AI will be able to understand and remember emotions, then adjust behavior based on those emotions as they interact with people.

Self-aware AI The most advanced type of artificial intelligence is self-aware AI. When machines can be aware of their own emotions, as well as the emotions of others around them, they will have a level of consciousness and intelligence similar to human beings. This type of AI will have desires, needs, and emotions as well.

 

Examples of AI in everyday life

Face recognition. Most people use the face recognition feature in their Android or iPhone as it is one of the best safety features available on your device.
Smart cars.
Digital assistants.
Entertainment and social apps.
Banking.
Google predictive search algorithm.
E-commerce.

Language used by AI

Python. Although Python was created before AI became crucial to businesses, it's one of the most popular languages for Artificial Intelligence. Python is the most used language for Machine Learning (which lives under the umbrella of AI).

Google as an AI.

Google is an example of artificial intelligence in the sense that it uses AI to power many of its products and services. For example, Google Search uses AI to rank search results, Google Translate uses AI to translate languages, and Google Assistant uses AI to understand and respond to user queries.

Ramp Buggy Real Car

The Ramp Buggy is classified as a Special Vehicle, the Ramp Buggy cannot be stored in a garage and must be requested from the Interaction Menu.

 

The Miracle Material - Graphene

 

Introduction

Graphene is first isolated at the University of Manchester in 2003 by a team led by Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov. It is the first single-layer material ever discovered. It is also the strongest—200 times stronger than steel.

Graphene is a material, which extracted from graphite and is made up of pure carbon, one of the most valuable elements in nature and which we find in daily objects like the lead of a pencil. Graphene stands out for being tough, flexible, light, and with a high resistance. 

Graphene

 

 

 Chemical structure of Graphene

Graphene is an allotropic form of carbon which consist of a single layer of atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice nano structure. The name is derived from "graphite" and the suffix -ene, reflecting the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon contains numerous double bonds.

Each atom in a graphene sheet is connected to its three nearest neighbors by σ-bonds and a delocalised π-bond, which contributes to a valence band that extends over the whole sheet.

                                                             Short clip about Graphene

Uses of Graphene

1. It is used in water filtration to produce Better Quality Water.
2. Graphene is used to make Touch Screens for Paper-Thick Mobile Phones
3. Graphene is used to make Headphones
4. It is used to produce Super-fast Charging Batteries
6. Due to its flexibility it is used in different Wearable Technologies
7. Graphene Membranes are used for Fresher Food & Air products
8. Graphene is used in Coating of different materials
9. Medical Sensors made of Graphene for Early Disease Detection
10. Graphene is used in Hard Drives
11. Graphene is use to make Shoes and Helmets
12. Conductive Ink by Graphene

Graphene is a blessing for us due to its characteristics. It has a wide range of applications that make our lives easier. As mentioned above, in our daily life, it can be used in safety labels, headphones, racquets, smartphone, batteries, and there are many more. From the science to the world and the daily lives, cutting-edge technologies can be transferred by using the unique graphene products from Nanografi.

Drawbacks of Graphene

• Creation of high quality graphene is expensive and complex process.
• Great conductor of electricity, graphene cannot be switched off. Scientists are working on rectifying this.
• In order to grow graphene, toxic chemicals are being used at high temperatures. Due to this it exhibits some toxic qualities.
• Graphene has ultra-sharp edges that can easily pierce cell membranes, allowing it to enter into the cell and disrupt normal functions.
• One of the obstacles that needs to be overcome is how to make sheets of graphene large enough and pure enough to be useful. Any non-carbon atoms can disrupt the perfect hexagonal pattern of graphene.

These are just, but a few of the ‘wonder material’s’ advantages and disadvantages and since the material is still in the research stage much more is yet to be revealed.

Kanwal Ansari

Pizza delivery on outer space

Pizza Hut Becomes First Company In History

To Deliver Pizza To Residents Living In Outer Space.

Press Release From: Pizza Hut

Posted: Monday, May 21, 2001

Landmark "Space Race'' Delivery Made To International Space Station Pioneers

Adding another chapter to the decades-old "space race" chronicles, Pizza Hut has become the first company in history to deliver pizza straight to the pioneers living in outer space on the International Space Station (ISS). The creation and delivery of the world's first space-consumable pizza was the culmination of nearly a year of collaboration between Pizza Hut and Russian food scientists. After months of rigorous testing, the Pizza Hut pizza made the landmark, trans-atmospheric journey to become the only pizza ever delivered to and eaten by people living in space.

"Pizza Hut is known for quality, innovation and category leadership. Having recorded numerous 'firsts' on Earth, we also wanted to make history by becoming the first company in the world to deliver pizza to space," said Randy Gier, chief marketing officer, Pizza Hut, Inc. "From this day forward, Pizza Hut pizza will go down in history as the world's first pizza to be delivered to and eaten in space."

(INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION)

The "space" Pizza Hut pizza delivered to the ISS featured traditional ingredients including a crispy crust, pizza sauce and cheese, but was topped with salami to enhance the pizza's flavor because researchers found that pepperoni did not withstand the 60-day testing process. In addition, the Pizza Hut space pizza was made six inches in diameter - the size of the Pizza Hut Personal Pan Pizza® - in order to fit into the smaller-sized oven aboard the ISS. Before final certification for consumption was given, the vacuum-sealed Pizza Hut pizza had to undergo rigorous stabilized thermal conditions to determine freshness-stay and life span.

"As a leader in the pizza delivery business, we're determined to give customers what they want, when they want it and where they want it, even if they are in space. Wherever there is life, there will be Pizza Hut pizza," said Gier. "After checking and re-checking the address, we made a few minor route adjustments to ensure that the pizza would successfully make it to the ISS. If space tourism is going to be a reality, Pizza Hut pizza will make the trip even better."

Consumers can log onto www.pizzahut.com to view photographs of the cosmonauts eating Pizza Hut pizza inside the ISS and photographs of the pizza being developed in the kitchens of the Russian space program's headquarters in Kazakhstan.

In July 2000, the race for space commercialization began as Pizza Hut became the first company in history to place its logo on the world's largest proton rocket. The innovative space sponsorship campaign was part of the company's dramatic turnaround and re-imaging campaign, which includes a more than $500 million investment over five years to make contemporary and upgrade Pizza Hut units around the globe.

Earth and sun space

JANUARY AND JUNE / WINTER AND SUMMER

When Earth is closest to the sun, it is winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere. Thus it is possible to see that Earth's distance from the sun does not noticeably cause the seasons to change; the relatively minor effects of differences in distance is somewhat masked by the mainly oceanic southern hemisphere vs the half- continental northern hemisphere. Therefore, the Earth's seasons come and go mainly because Earth does not rotate with its axis exactly upright with respect to the plane of our world’s orbit around the sun. Earth's axial tilt is 23.5 degrees. This puts the Sun farther south in December and January, so the north has winter and the south has summer. Thus winter falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes least directly. Summer falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes most directly.

There’s not a huge distance difference between perihelion and aphelion. Earth’s orbit is very nearly circular. Thus it’s not our distance from the sun – but instead the tilt of our world’s axis – that creates winter and summer on Earth.

Diagram showing tilt of Earth

In winter, your part of Earth is tilted away from the sun. In summer, your part of Earth is tilted toward the sun. The day of maximum tilt toward or away from the sun is the December or June solstice.

 Earth’s closest and farthest points to the sun do affect seasonal lengths. When the Earth comes closest to the sun for the year, as around now, our world is moving fastest in orbit around the sun. Earth is rushing along now at almost 19 miles per second (30.3 km/sec) – moving about .6 miles per second (one kilometer per second) faster than when Earth is farthest from the sun in early July. Thus the Northern Hemisphere winter and – simultaneously – the Southern Hemisphere summer are the shortest seasons as Earth rushes from the solstice in December to the equinox in March.

In the Northern Hemisphere, the summer season (June solstice to September equinox) lasts nearly five days longer than our winter season. And, of course, the corresponding seasons in the Southern Hemisphere are opposite. Southern Hemisphere winter is nearly five days longer than Southern Hemisphere summer.

It’s all due to the shape of Earth’s orbit. The shape is an ellipse, like a circle someone sat down on and squashed. The elliptical shape of Earth’s orbit causes the variation in the length of the seasons – and brings us closest to the sun in January.

Why is it hot in summer and cold in winter  

Because the earth's axis is tilted.

It is all about the tilt of the Earth's axis. Many people believe that the temperature changes because the Earth is closer to the sun in summer and farther from the sun in winter. In fact, the Earth is farthest from the sun in July and is closest to the sun in January!

During the summer, the sun's rays hit the Earth at a steep angle. The light does not spread out as much, thus increasing the amount of energy hitting any given spot. Also, the long daylight hours allow the Earth plenty of time to reach warm temperatures.

During the winter, the sun's rays hit the Earth at a shallow angle. These rays are more spread out, which minimizes the amount of energy that hits any given spot. Also, the long nights and short days prevent the Earth from warming up. Thus, we have winter!

Steep Angle

0-15 degree slope is flat terrain. 15-29 degrees is considered low angle. 30-50 degrees is steep angle. anything above 50 degrees is high angle.

Aphelion

APHELION

Meaning
The point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid, or comet at which it is furthest from the sun.
Example
"Mars is at aphelion"

The word aphelion derives from the Greek words, apo meaning away, off, apart and Helios. The Earth's orbit has its aphelion about July 4.

Use of should and would

DEFINITION OF SHOULD

Should signifies something you ought to do or something that is a good idea or that something that may happen.

Examples:

• should is use when someone tells you that you ought to go to bed.
• should is use when you believe you must obey the law
• should is use when someone says they will do something if they might happen to win the lottery.

DEFINITION OF WOULD

Would is used to indicate what could potentially happen in the future or when giving advice or when making a request.

Examples

• would is use when you might get a good grade if you study.
• would is use when you ask someone to pass the carrots.
• would is use when you tell someone that your action in rain is to bring an umbrella.

Explanation

• The words should and would are both helping verbs (in particular, modal auxiliaries), but they don't mean the same thing. 
• Should is the past form of the verb shall. Used as an auxiliary, should expresses a condition, an obligation, futurity, or probability.
• Would is the past form of the verb will. Used as an auxiliary, will expresses a possibility, an intention, a desire, a custom, or a request.

Put simply, use should to express an obligation, a necessity, or a prediction; use would to express a wish or a customary action.

Should Sentence Examples

• She should wash them, but there wasn't time.
• It should be ready now.
• Connie should be here any minute.
• So, what should she pack?
• Should he buy candy?
• I should long ago have joined the archduke.
• I should have been with them tonight.
• I should have been checking it.

Would Sentence Examples

• His father hoped that Daniel would grow up to be a wise and famous man.
• One would argue that energy costs will remain high.
• This might be the most difficult decision she would ever make.
• No student of history would argue this point, regardless of his or her politics.
• He would drive them from place to place as his master wished.

Seven Cs Of Communication

COMMUNICATION

Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another.

There are various categories of communication and more than one may occur at any time.
The different categories of communication include:

• Spoken or Verbal Communication: face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and other media.
• Non-Verbal Communication: body language, gestures, how we dress or act - even our scent.
• Written Communication: letters, e-mails, books, magazines, the Internet or via other media.
• Visualizations: graphs and charts, maps, logos and other visualizations can communicate messages.

Effective communication process

7 C’s of Effective Communication

The 7 C’s of effective communication, also known as the seven principles of communication are a useful way to ensure good and business communication. The 7 C’s of Effective Communication provide a useful check list as a result of which both written and verbal communication pass off in a clear, plain, target group-oriented and well-structured manner.

• Completeness

The message must be complete and geared to the receiver’s perception of the world. The message must be based on facts and a complex message needs additional information and/ or explanation. A good subdivision of subjects will clarify the message as a result of which there will be a complete overview of what is said.

• Concreteness

Concrete business communication is also about a clear message. This is often supported by factual material such as research data and figures. The words used as well as the sentence structure can be interpreted uni-vocally. Nothing is left to the imagination.

• Courtesy

In addition to considering the feelings and points of view of the target group, it is also important to approach the audience in a friendly and courteous manner. Use of terms that show respect for the receiver contribute towards effective communication. The same goes for the manner in which you address someone. Not everyone will be charmed if you use a familiar form of address and use of a formal address could come across as too distant. By using the word ‘they’ a larger audience is immediately addressed.

• Correctness

A correct use of language has the preference. In written business communication, grammatical errors must be avoided and stylistic lapses or a wrong use of verbs are not sufficient either in verbal communication. A correct use of language increases trustworthiness and the receiver will feel that they are taken seriously.

• Clarity

Clear or plain language is characterized by explicitness, short sentences and concrete words. Fuzzy language is absolutely forbidden, as are formal language and cliché expressions. By avoiding parentheses and keeping to the point, the receiver will get a clear picture of the content of the message. Briefly-worded information emphasizes the essence of the message.

• Consideration

Communicating with the target group (Consideration). In order to communicate well, it is important to relate to the target group and be involved. By taking the audience into account, the message can be geared towards them. Factors that play a role in this are for example: professional knowledge, level of education, age and interests.

• Conciseness

A message is clear when the storyline is consistent and when this does not contain any inconsistencies. When facts are mentioned, it is important that there is consistent, supporting information. Systematically implementing a certain statement or notation also contributes to clear business communication. When statements are varied, they will confuse the receiver.


The 7 C’s of Effective Communication have two more variations that are often overlooked, namely Creativity and Credibility.

• Creativity

A text will only be lively when the words and sentence structures are used creatively and when short sentences are alternated with longer sentences. Creativity is especially important in texts in which search words are used, it is essential that the search words are constantly used in a different setting.

• Credibility

By creating an atmosphere of trust in a conversation or text, you add credibility to the message. This can be achieved by a clear and striking ‘tone’, which indicates that the information you are discussing contains the right information.

Golden Wattle flower

INTRODUCTION

• Golden Wattle is also known as Acacia pycnantha.
• It is Australia's national flower.
• The Golden Wattle blooms in spring, in beginning of September.
• It has large fluffy, yellow, sweet smelling flower heads.
• Each Golden Wattle flower head is a bunch of many tiny flowers.
• Acacias are popularly called Wattle.
• Australian Acacia pycnantha species are called Golden Wattles, while the African and American species are generally called Acacias.
• Golden Wattle are sometimes used as food by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genus Aenetus.
• The strong scent of Golden Wattles, creates an allergic reaction in some people sensitive to perfumes.

USES

• Wattles are grown for their wood. that can be used in house construction, furniture making, paper pulp, fibre board manufacture, cellulose for rayon, charcoal and firewood for village communities. Blackwood produces a high quality cabinet timber from which very beautiful furniture is made, especially in Tasmania!
• The extracted tannin is largely used for tanning leather, but can also be used in making adhesives, preserving ropes and nets, making dyestuffs, corrosion inhibitors and as pharmaceutical products.
• Acacia seeds have a high nutritional value, and are good sources of protein, fat and carbohydrate.
•  the ground and roasted seeds are used for flavouring sauces and ice cream, in breads, pasta and biscuits. Acacia seeds are good in diabetic diets.
• Gum is eaten by all traditional societies native to acacia areas, it is also used as a glue.
• Gum arabic is is commonly used as a thickener and emulsifier in prepared food products, confectionary, soft drinks, ice cream, cosmetics, toothpaste, soap, adhesives (eg. postage stamps), paints, ammunition and explosives, polishes, medicinal products, and industrial printing.

MEDICINAL USES

Wattles are grown for medicine.

• The tannin rich inner bark and gums of wattles have therapeutic effects.
• Bark can alleviate diarrhoea, gums can soothe inflamed skin.
• Africa use Acacia caffra as an emetic, and give the leaves to their children for tummy troubles.

In more recent times, Gum Arabic has been used as a major component of artificial blood serum. Sap from the phyllodes of the Hawaiin Acacia koa can inhibit Golden Staphylococcus bacteria, and there are recent reports that Acacia victoria in Australia can produce chemicals called triterpenoid saponins that inhibit tumour growth.

Machine (hug-me coca cola)

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Hug me COCA-COLA machine

Coca-Cola is one of the few valuable brands that have successfully changed their slogans regularly and still maintain the same brand identity and value. From it’s “Always Coca-Cola” to “It’s the Real Thing” to their most current, “Open Happiness”, they have always maintained a family-friendly wholesome image.

A new Coca-Cola vending machine at the National University of Singapore is programmed to dispense a bottle of Coke when a person wraps their arms around the machine. The machine has the inviting words “Hug Me” written on its front in Coca-Cola’s signature font.

They say money can’t buy you love, but apparently a little love can buy you a bottle of Coke.

The reaction of has been unbelievable. At one point, there was a group of friends who hugged the machine at the same time. In the process, they hug each other too. That is exactly the reaction that Coca-Cola is gunning for. They want customers to establish an emotional connection with their brand but they also want their brand to inspire customers to establish a relationship with each other.

When asked about the reason behind this marketing and such amazing machine, Coke Asia’s Pacific Director for Sparkling and Activation Platforms, Mr. Leonardo O’Grady, stated that

since happiness is contagious and the company wanted to spread happiness, they have made such a machine to give some smiles to the people, who want to give a hug or want a hug.

As soon as the campaign was launched for the young and peppy crowd, the reaction was noticed; it was superbly amazing! In fact, people waited in queue to give hugs!

Perihelion

Perihelion

Meaning

The point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid, or comet at which it is closest to the sun.

Example

"today Mercury is at perihelion"

The word perihelion stems from the Greek words "peri," meaning near, and "Helios," meaning the Greek god of the sun. (The similar word, perigee, refers to the nearest point in some object's orbit of earth.)

When Earth is closest to the sun, it is winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere. Thus it is possible to see that Earth's distance from the sun does not noticeably cause the seasons to change; the relatively minor effects of differences in distance is somewhat masked by the mainly oceanic southern hemisphere vs the half- continental northern hemisphere. Therefore, the Earth's seasons come and go mainly because Earth does not rotate with its axis exactly upright with respect to the plane of our world’s orbit around the sun. Earth's axial tilt is 23.5 degrees. This puts the Sun farther south in December and January, so the north has winter and the south has summer. Thus winter falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes least directly. Summer falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes most directly.

Transformer Real Car

Transformer cars are reallly exists, which is designed by LETRONS

BARNACLE GOOSE

BARNACLE GOOSE

The barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) belongs to the genus Branta of black geese. it contains species with largely black plumage, distinguishing them from the grey Anser species. Despite its superficial similarity to the brant goose, genetic analysis has shown it is an eastern derivative of the cackling goose lineage.

Branacle Goose

HABITAT

Barnacle geese frequently build their nests high on mountain cliffs, away from predators (foxes and polar bears), but also away from food. Like all geese, the goslings are not fed by the adults. Instead of bringing food to the newly hatched goslings, the goslings are brought to the ground. Unable to fly, the three-day-old goslings jump off the cliff and fall; their small size, feathery down, and very light weight helps to protect some of them from serious injury when they hit the rocks below, but many die from the impact. Arctic foxes are attracted by the noise made by the parent geese during this time, and capture many dead or injured goslings. The foxes also stalk the young as they are led by the parents to wetland feeding areas.

FOOD THEY EAT

Barnacle geese eat a wide variety of plants. When they reach the breeding sites they forage on snow-free patches, where the birds eat roots and mosses. Later in the summer grasses and sedges dominate the diet, together with a variety of herbs and horsetails.

BREEDING

The Barnacle Goose has started breeding in Iceland.  The main breeding area is in Southeast Iceland. The first known breeding of Barnacle Geese was in East-Skaftafellssýsla in 1988. Now they have become quite common in some areas such as Hornafjörður and Glacier Lagoon.  They migrate to the British Isles for the winter.

To know more in urdu click on following link......

https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=2333074830254596&id=2235075173387896

Cataract surgery 3D

Cataract surgery 3D

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Types of Communication

Five Types of Communication

Communication is a very basic and fundamental process for human beings. However, when a brand wants to communicate with their customers, then the communication takes another form. Similarly, there is communication involved between teams as well. There are various types of communication between people as well as between teams.

What is communication?

Communication is the act of sending information or ideas via speech, visuals, writing or any other such method. The Communication model has a sender who is sending the message and the receiver who is receiving the message. In between, the speech or ideas need to be simple enough to be decoded and understood by the receiver. If the ideas are not presented properly, then decoding is improper and the receiver does not understand.

Based on the types of senders and receivers involved, we can define various types of communications. If we take an example of communication between teams, you will see the higher amount of formal communication as compared to informal. On the other hand, when we consider personal communication and communication between the group of personal friends, you will find these types of communication to be more informal in nature.

Types of Communication

1) Verbal Communication

• Verbal communication can also be called as Oral communication. In very simple terms, any communication that happens orally between people is known as verbal communication.
• The objective of such communications is to ensure that people understand whatever you want to convey. Because of its very nature, verbal communications is more quick and precise then email communication.

In the era of messaging via Whatsapp or using email, people still prefer personal meetings or phone calls (or face to face skype calls) because they are effective and much more convenient in conveying the message.

Nowadays, Verbal communication is an important aspect and is looked as a key strength in an individual.

The higher up an organization you go, the better should be the verbal skills that you have. This is because you need to ensure that your speech is precise and to the point and does not leave any scope for any misunderstanding.

Example of people who were great at the verbal type of communications.

1. Nelson Mandela
2. Martin Luther King
3. John F Kennedy
4. Mahatma Gandhi

2) Non-verbal / Interpersonal communication

• How do you make people feel when you enter the room?
• Is your body language strong and are you standing straight and erect or are you slouched and tired?
• Are you clean shaven, looking your immaculate best for a team meeting or are you shabby with shirts that are not ironed?
• When you shake hands, do you do so strongly or do you just brush your hand against others?

The above were some examples of Non-verbal communications or interpersonal communications. One of the HR requirements for new joiners in an organization is for them to have good interpersonal skills. This basically means that the employees should brush up on their non-verbal skills.

A manager who panics and who is not good at non-verbal communication will generally not be a favorite with his team members. This is because his team members do not look up to him. A manager who stutters, who is not well dressed, who has the wrong body language or someone who is not a strong personality, will not gather a huge following behind him.

However, people with good personalities go a long way in motivating the employees below them. If an employee is demotivated, just keeping a hand on their shoulder and saying a few motivating words is enough for the employee. Taunting them or making faces when talking to them, ignoring them completely or imitating them will demotivate the employee even further. Thus, non-verbal skills play a major role in office culture.

As employees grow into managers and as managers grow into leaders, they become better and better at a non-verbal type of communications. They know that their own calm headed behavior at times of panic is what will keep the team in check. Similarly, they don’t let their teams get complacent when the going is good.

Example of the Non-verbal type of communications 

• In Customer service, non-verbal and interpersonal skills play a huge role. Imagine you were unhappy with a product and you went to the customer service department. Instead of understanding your problem, the customer service executive gives a rude reply. Repeatedly you visit them and even though the problem is not resolved, you don’t get a satisfactory answer.
• Compare that with a customer service department which smiles when you come in. They reassure you that they are on top of your problem. They are proactive and update you themselves on when to expect the problem to be resolved. Later on, they follow up whether you were satisfied with the response and if there was anything they could do further.
• This smile, the body language of reassurance, the listening ability are all non-verbal type of communications. A good customer service executive will pay special attention to them and will ensure that you leave satisfied! Hiring good customer service executives, who have great interpersonal skills, is the sign of a good organization which is focused on customer satisfaction. 

3) Written Communication

There are many many ways that written communications can be used. The number of ways is ever increasing with the penetration of smartphones and the internet. One of the most common forms of written communications used till date is Email. But slowly, written type of communications is becoming more informal with Whatsapp and other online messaging apps being used regularly.

All different forms of written communication can be formal or informal. If today, we visit a court of law, you will find that even Whatsapp messages are considered to be legal in nature. In fact, there have been so many cases of celebrities brought under the scanner because of wrong written communications on their social media account.

Thus, the above example is further proof that written communication needs to be used safely and effectively. In fact, written communication between friends can be informal but this type of communication between working professionals should always be formal so that any misquoted words are not misused with ill intent.

The advantage of written communication

It acts as the final word once a decision has been taken. When you quote your prices to the customer, when you rank a dealer on top, when you promote an employee or when you launch a new product, you use written communication to communicate the update to your team and your employees.

Problem with written communication

It becomes too formal and might incite ego or various political problems when written communication is used. Newspapers are perfect examples of written words which create controversy.

There is a very apt quotation “Words are mightier than swords”. A wrong email delivered in the wrong hands can cause the world to turn upside down.

4) Formal & Informal

There are two types of communication when considering the formality of the communication. One is the formal and official type of communication which can be emails, letterheads, memos, reports and other such kinds of written material. These are considered as documentary evidence and certain formality is associated with them. You cannot submit such formal documents and later deny them.

Informal communication is one where there is nothing official about the communication that is happening. It can be known as Grapevine communication. There is no specific channel of informal communication because there is Social media, Whatsapp, SMS which are all vehicles of informal communication which can be used by people.

Advantages of formal communication

When you want to finalize policy and want to decide a course to adopt, then formal communication is more effective
Formal communication can help in establishing procedures and ensuring that the steps are followed.
Any promises or any official plans need to be formally documented so that they can be referred to later.
Advantages of informal communication

Informal communication helps the “Open door policy” and makes people more confident and forthcoming with their ideas and creativity.
Informal communication does not incite fear into peoples mind
Informal talks encourage people to share their problems.
The problem with formal communication is that it is not personal and a distance is maintained if you use only formal communications. Whereas on the other hand, informal conversations can get out of hand and there can be negative grapevine generated.

5) Visual Communication
One of the industries which most prominently uses Visual communication is the medical industry. New medicines which come into the market have to be shown to doctors and the advantages have to be explained. At such times, the medical representatives carry informative pamphlets which are shown to the doctors and dropped with the doctors.

These informative pamphlets have all the information about the medicine so that doctors can feel confident in suggesting the medicine to their patients. Similarly, many different industries are using visual communication to help interaction with their customers so that they can communicate their ideas better. Explainer videos as a concept is rising and is becoming as one of the best types of communication observed on websites.

There are many elements in visual communication that can be used by marketers or companies.

• Colors (such as brand colors)
• Design (logo and brand design)
• Advertising
• Animations
• Illustrations
• Typography
• Presentations
• Video resume’s

In person to person communication too visual communication plays a role. Consider the diagrams made by teachers on blackboards when explaining a concept to a class of students. Or we can also take the example of graphs made in power points by managers when doing a powerpoint presentation to a team of executives or seniors.

SUMMARY

To summarize, the type of communication most common are
Formal Communication
Verbal Communication and Non-verbal communication
Written communication
Visual communication
In group of people

Informal Communication
Verbal and Non-verbal communication
Informal written communications

Above were all the different types of communications used by a group of people or between the team.

Bioelectrogenesis

BIOELECTROGENESIS

Bioelectrogenesis is the generation of electricity by living organisms, a phenomenon that belongs to the science of electrophysiology.

Electric eelThe electric eel uses
 electric shocks for both
 hunting and self-defense

In biological cells, electrochemically active transmembrane ion channel and transporter proteins, such as the sodium-potassium pump, make electricity generation possible by maintaining a voltage imbalance from an electrical potential difference between the intracellular and extracellular space. The sodium-potassium pump simultaneously releases three Na ions away and influxes two K ions towards the intracellular space. This generates an electrical potential gradient from the uneven charge separation created. The process consumes metabolic energy in the form of ATP.

Bioelectrogenesis in fish

Electric catfish

The term usually refers to the electricity-generating ability in some aquatic creatures, such as the electric eel, electric catfish, two genera of stargazers, electric rays and to a lesser extent the black ghost knifefish. Fish exhibiting such bioelectrogenesis often also possess electroreceptive abilities (which are more widespread) as part of an integrated electric system. Electrogenesis may be utilized for electrolocation, self-defense, electro-communication and sometimes the stunning of prey.

Bioelectrogenesis in microbial life

The first examples of bioelectrogenic microbial life was identified in brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisi) by M. C. Potter in 1911, using an early iteration of a microbial fuel cell (MFC). It was founded that chemical action in the breakdown of carbon such as fermentation and carbon decomposition in yeast is linked to the production of electricity.

Northern Stragazer

Decomposition of organic or inorganic carbon by bacteria is paired with the release of electrons extracellularly towards electrodes, which generate electric currents. The microbe's released electrons are transferred by biocatalytic enzymes or redox-active compounds from the cell to the anode in the presence of a viable carbon source. This creates an electrical current as electrons move from anode to a physically separated cathode.

Electric ray

There are several mechanisms for extracellular electron transport. Some bacteria use nanowires in biofilm to transfer electrons towards the anode. The nanowires are made of pili that act as a conduit for the electrons to pass towards the anode.

• Electron shuttles in the form of redox-active compounds like flavin, which is a cofactor, are also able to transport electrons. These cofactors are secreted by the microbe and reduced by redox participating enzymes such as Cytochrome C embedded on the microbe's cell surface. The reduced cofactors then transfer electrons to the anode and are oxidized.
• In some cases, electron transfer is mediated by the cellular membrane embedded redox participating enzyme itself. Cytochrome C on the microbe's cell surface directly interacts with the anode to transfer electrons.
• Electron hopping from one bacteria to another in biofilm towards an anode through their outer membrane cytochromes is also another electron transport mechanism.
• These bacteria that transfer electrons in the microbe's exterior environment are called exoelectrogens.

Electrogenic bacteria are present in all ecosystems and environments. This includes environments under extreme conditions such as hydrothermal vents and highly acidic ecosystems, as well as common natural environments such as soil and lakes. These electrogenic microbes are observed through the identification of microbes that reside in electrochemically active biofilms formed on MFC electrodes such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.