The Miracle Material - Graphene

 

Introduction

Graphene is first isolated at the University of Manchester in 2003 by a team led by Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov. It is the first single-layer material ever discovered. It is also the strongest—200 times stronger than steel.

Graphene is a material, which extracted from graphite and is made up of pure carbon, one of the most valuable elements in nature and which we find in daily objects like the lead of a pencil. Graphene stands out for being tough, flexible, light, and with a high resistance. 

Graphene

 

 

 Chemical structure of Graphene

Graphene is an allotropic form of carbon which consist of a single layer of atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice nano structure. The name is derived from "graphite" and the suffix -ene, reflecting the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon contains numerous double bonds.

Each atom in a graphene sheet is connected to its three nearest neighbors by σ-bonds and a delocalised π-bond, which contributes to a valence band that extends over the whole sheet.

                                                             Short clip about Graphene

Uses of Graphene

1. It is used in water filtration to produce Better Quality Water.
2. Graphene is used to make Touch Screens for Paper-Thick Mobile Phones
3. Graphene is used to make Headphones
4. It is used to produce Super-fast Charging Batteries
6. Due to its flexibility it is used in different Wearable Technologies
7. Graphene Membranes are used for Fresher Food & Air products
8. Graphene is used in Coating of different materials
9. Medical Sensors made of Graphene for Early Disease Detection
10. Graphene is used in Hard Drives
11. Graphene is use to make Shoes and Helmets
12. Conductive Ink by Graphene

Graphene is a blessing for us due to its characteristics. It has a wide range of applications that make our lives easier. As mentioned above, in our daily life, it can be used in safety labels, headphones, racquets, smartphone, batteries, and there are many more. From the science to the world and the daily lives, cutting-edge technologies can be transferred by using the unique graphene products from Nanografi.

Drawbacks of Graphene

• Creation of high quality graphene is expensive and complex process.
• Great conductor of electricity, graphene cannot be switched off. Scientists are working on rectifying this.
• In order to grow graphene, toxic chemicals are being used at high temperatures. Due to this it exhibits some toxic qualities.
• Graphene has ultra-sharp edges that can easily pierce cell membranes, allowing it to enter into the cell and disrupt normal functions.
• One of the obstacles that needs to be overcome is how to make sheets of graphene large enough and pure enough to be useful. Any non-carbon atoms can disrupt the perfect hexagonal pattern of graphene.

These are just, but a few of the ‘wonder material’s’ advantages and disadvantages and since the material is still in the research stage much more is yet to be revealed.

Kanwal Ansari

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Pizza delivery on outer space

Pizza Hut Becomes First Company In History

To Deliver Pizza To Residents Living In Outer Space.

Press Release From: Pizza Hut

Posted: Monday, May 21, 2001

Landmark "Space Race'' Delivery Made To International Space Station Pioneers

Adding another chapter to the decades-old "space race" chronicles, Pizza Hut has become the first company in history to deliver pizza straight to the pioneers living in outer space on the International Space Station (ISS). The creation and delivery of the world's first space-consumable pizza was the culmination of nearly a year of collaboration between Pizza Hut and Russian food scientists. After months of rigorous testing, the Pizza Hut pizza made the landmark, trans-atmospheric journey to become the only pizza ever delivered to and eaten by people living in space.

"Pizza Hut is known for quality, innovation and category leadership. Having recorded numerous 'firsts' on Earth, we also wanted to make history by becoming the first company in the world to deliver pizza to space," said Randy Gier, chief marketing officer, Pizza Hut, Inc. "From this day forward, Pizza Hut pizza will go down in history as the world's first pizza to be delivered to and eaten in space."

(INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION)

The "space" Pizza Hut pizza delivered to the ISS featured traditional ingredients including a crispy crust, pizza sauce and cheese, but was topped with salami to enhance the pizza's flavor because researchers found that pepperoni did not withstand the 60-day testing process. In addition, the Pizza Hut space pizza was made six inches in diameter - the size of the Pizza Hut Personal Pan Pizza® - in order to fit into the smaller-sized oven aboard the ISS. Before final certification for consumption was given, the vacuum-sealed Pizza Hut pizza had to undergo rigorous stabilized thermal conditions to determine freshness-stay and life span.

"As a leader in the pizza delivery business, we're determined to give customers what they want, when they want it and where they want it, even if they are in space. Wherever there is life, there will be Pizza Hut pizza," said Gier. "After checking and re-checking the address, we made a few minor route adjustments to ensure that the pizza would successfully make it to the ISS. If space tourism is going to be a reality, Pizza Hut pizza will make the trip even better."

Consumers can log onto www.pizzahut.com to view photographs of the cosmonauts eating Pizza Hut pizza inside the ISS and photographs of the pizza being developed in the kitchens of the Russian space program's headquarters in Kazakhstan.

In July 2000, the race for space commercialization began as Pizza Hut became the first company in history to place its logo on the world's largest proton rocket. The innovative space sponsorship campaign was part of the company's dramatic turnaround and re-imaging campaign, which includes a more than $500 million investment over five years to make contemporary and upgrade Pizza Hut units around the globe.

Drug Absorption

Which of the following statement is correct?

1. weak bases are absorbed efficiently cross the epithelial cells of the stomach
2. co administration of atropine speeds the absorption of a second drug
3. drug showing the large volume of distribution can be efficiently removed by dialysis of the plasma
4. stressful emotions can lead to a slowing of drug absorption
5. if the volume of distribution is small, most of the drug is in the extraplasmic space.

Answer

First order kinetics

Which of the following is true for a drug whose elimination from plasma shows first order kinetics?

A. The half life of the drug is proportional to the drug concentration in plasma.

B. the amount eliminated per unit of time is constant.

C. the rate of elimination is proportional to the plasma concentration

D. elimination involves a rate limiting enzymatic reaction operating at its maximum velocity

E. a plot of drug concentration vs time is a straight line

Answer

Earth and sun space

JANUARY AND JUNE / WINTER AND SUMMER

When Earth is closest to the sun, it is winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere. Thus it is possible to see that Earth's distance from the sun does not noticeably cause the seasons to change; the relatively minor effects of differences in distance is somewhat masked by the mainly oceanic southern hemisphere vs the half- continental northern hemisphere. Therefore, the Earth's seasons come and go mainly because Earth does not rotate with its axis exactly upright with respect to the plane of our world’s orbit around the sun. Earth's axial tilt is 23.5 degrees. This puts the Sun farther south in December and January, so the north has winter and the south has summer. Thus winter falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes least directly. Summer falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes most directly.

There’s not a huge distance difference between perihelion and aphelion. Earth’s orbit is very nearly circular. Thus it’s not our distance from the sun – but instead the tilt of our world’s axis – that creates winter and summer on Earth.

Diagram showing tilt of Earth

In winter, your part of Earth is tilted away from the sun. In summer, your part of Earth is tilted toward the sun. The day of maximum tilt toward or away from the sun is the December or June solstice.

 Earth’s closest and farthest points to the sun do affect seasonal lengths. When the Earth comes closest to the sun for the year, as around now, our world is moving fastest in orbit around the sun. Earth is rushing along now at almost 19 miles per second (30.3 km/sec) – moving about .6 miles per second (one kilometer per second) faster than when Earth is farthest from the sun in early July. Thus the Northern Hemisphere winter and – simultaneously – the Southern Hemisphere summer are the shortest seasons as Earth rushes from the solstice in December to the equinox in March.

In the Northern Hemisphere, the summer season (June solstice to September equinox) lasts nearly five days longer than our winter season. And, of course, the corresponding seasons in the Southern Hemisphere are opposite. Southern Hemisphere winter is nearly five days longer than Southern Hemisphere summer.

It’s all due to the shape of Earth’s orbit. The shape is an ellipse, like a circle someone sat down on and squashed. The elliptical shape of Earth’s orbit causes the variation in the length of the seasons – and brings us closest to the sun in January.

Why is it hot in summer and cold in winter  

Because the earth's axis is tilted.

It is all about the tilt of the Earth's axis. Many people believe that the temperature changes because the Earth is closer to the sun in summer and farther from the sun in winter. In fact, the Earth is farthest from the sun in July and is closest to the sun in January!

During the summer, the sun's rays hit the Earth at a steep angle. The light does not spread out as much, thus increasing the amount of energy hitting any given spot. Also, the long daylight hours allow the Earth plenty of time to reach warm temperatures.

During the winter, the sun's rays hit the Earth at a shallow angle. These rays are more spread out, which minimizes the amount of energy that hits any given spot. Also, the long nights and short days prevent the Earth from warming up. Thus, we have winter!

Steep Angle

0-15 degree slope is flat terrain. 15-29 degrees is considered low angle. 30-50 degrees is steep angle. anything above 50 degrees is high angle.

Aphelion

APHELION

Meaning
The point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid, or comet at which it is furthest from the sun.
Example
"Mars is at aphelion"

The word aphelion derives from the Greek words, apo meaning away, off, apart and Helios. The Earth's orbit has its aphelion about July 4.

Tamarind

TAMARIND (Tamarindus indica)

• an African evergreen tree (Tamarindus indica) of the legume family that is widely grown in tropical regions and has hard yellowish wood, pinnate leaves, red-striped yellow flowers, and an edible fruit.

• the fruit of the tamarind tree consisting of an oblong brown pod containing 1 to 12 flat seeds embedded in a brownish, sticky, acidic pulp which is used especially in preserves and pastes and to flavor foods and beverages.

Health Benefits Of Tamarind

• Tamarind helps support the digestive system. ...
• Tamarind can help maintain a healthy blood pressure. ...
• Tamarind can help improve your kidneys. ...
• Tamarind can help individuals fight infections. ...
• Tamarind is great for keeping the skin and hair vibrant and strong
• Tamarind can help individuals sleep better at night.

Tamarind

Active ingredients of Tamarind

Tamarind fruit contains many volatile phytochemicals such as limonene, geraniol, safrole, cinnamic acid, methyl salicylate, pyrazine, and alkylthiazoles. Together, these compounds account for the medicinal properties of tamarind.

Medicinal uses of Tamarind

Skin Benefits

• Lightens Skin
• Natural Skin Exfoliating Agent
• Natural Remedy For Cellulite
• Natural Skin Moisturizing And Toning Properties
• Natural Anti-Aging Agent
• Removes Dark Rings Around The Neck
• Eliminates Pigmentation
• Cures Acne

Hair Benefits

• Prevents Hair Loss
• Helps Treat Oily And Greasy Scalp

Health Benefits

• Works As An Antiseptic
• Aids Weight Loss
• Is Good During Pregnancy
• Treats Bilious Disorders
• Controls Cholesterol Levels
• Cures Malaria
• Treats Jaundice
• Soothes Inflammation
• Prevents Cancer
• Treats Constipation
• Works As A Cleansing Agent
• Treats Piles
• Blood Purification
• Provides Cardiovascular Health
• Cures Mouth Ulcers
• Promotes Digestive Health
• Aids Proper Blood Circulation
• Improves Nerve Function
• Helps Manage Diabetes
• Boosts Immune System

Use of should and would

DEFINITION OF SHOULD

Should signifies something you ought to do or something that is a good idea or that something that may happen.

Examples:

• should is use when someone tells you that you ought to go to bed.
• should is use when you believe you must obey the law
• should is use when someone says they will do something if they might happen to win the lottery.

DEFINITION OF WOULD

Would is used to indicate what could potentially happen in the future or when giving advice or when making a request.

Examples

• would is use when you might get a good grade if you study.
• would is use when you ask someone to pass the carrots.
• would is use when you tell someone that your action in rain is to bring an umbrella.

Explanation

• The words should and would are both helping verbs (in particular, modal auxiliaries), but they don't mean the same thing. 
• Should is the past form of the verb shall. Used as an auxiliary, should expresses a condition, an obligation, futurity, or probability.
• Would is the past form of the verb will. Used as an auxiliary, will expresses a possibility, an intention, a desire, a custom, or a request.

Put simply, use should to express an obligation, a necessity, or a prediction; use would to express a wish or a customary action.

Should Sentence Examples

• She should wash them, but there wasn't time.
• It should be ready now.
• Connie should be here any minute.
• So, what should she pack?
• Should he buy candy?
• I should long ago have joined the archduke.
• I should have been with them tonight.
• I should have been checking it.

Would Sentence Examples

• His father hoped that Daniel would grow up to be a wise and famous man.
• One would argue that energy costs will remain high.
• This might be the most difficult decision she would ever make.
• No student of history would argue this point, regardless of his or her politics.
• He would drive them from place to place as his master wished.

Seven Cs Of Communication

COMMUNICATION

Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another.

There are various categories of communication and more than one may occur at any time.
The different categories of communication include:

• Spoken or Verbal Communication: face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and other media.
• Non-Verbal Communication: body language, gestures, how we dress or act - even our scent.
• Written Communication: letters, e-mails, books, magazines, the Internet or via other media.
• Visualizations: graphs and charts, maps, logos and other visualizations can communicate messages.

Effective communication process

7 C’s of Effective Communication

The 7 C’s of effective communication, also known as the seven principles of communication are a useful way to ensure good and business communication. The 7 C’s of Effective Communication provide a useful check list as a result of which both written and verbal communication pass off in a clear, plain, target group-oriented and well-structured manner.

• Completeness

The message must be complete and geared to the receiver’s perception of the world. The message must be based on facts and a complex message needs additional information and/ or explanation. A good subdivision of subjects will clarify the message as a result of which there will be a complete overview of what is said.

• Concreteness

Concrete business communication is also about a clear message. This is often supported by factual material such as research data and figures. The words used as well as the sentence structure can be interpreted uni-vocally. Nothing is left to the imagination.

• Courtesy

In addition to considering the feelings and points of view of the target group, it is also important to approach the audience in a friendly and courteous manner. Use of terms that show respect for the receiver contribute towards effective communication. The same goes for the manner in which you address someone. Not everyone will be charmed if you use a familiar form of address and use of a formal address could come across as too distant. By using the word ‘they’ a larger audience is immediately addressed.

• Correctness

A correct use of language has the preference. In written business communication, grammatical errors must be avoided and stylistic lapses or a wrong use of verbs are not sufficient either in verbal communication. A correct use of language increases trustworthiness and the receiver will feel that they are taken seriously.

• Clarity

Clear or plain language is characterized by explicitness, short sentences and concrete words. Fuzzy language is absolutely forbidden, as are formal language and cliché expressions. By avoiding parentheses and keeping to the point, the receiver will get a clear picture of the content of the message. Briefly-worded information emphasizes the essence of the message.

• Consideration

Communicating with the target group (Consideration). In order to communicate well, it is important to relate to the target group and be involved. By taking the audience into account, the message can be geared towards them. Factors that play a role in this are for example: professional knowledge, level of education, age and interests.

• Conciseness

A message is clear when the storyline is consistent and when this does not contain any inconsistencies. When facts are mentioned, it is important that there is consistent, supporting information. Systematically implementing a certain statement or notation also contributes to clear business communication. When statements are varied, they will confuse the receiver.


The 7 C’s of Effective Communication have two more variations that are often overlooked, namely Creativity and Credibility.

• Creativity

A text will only be lively when the words and sentence structures are used creatively and when short sentences are alternated with longer sentences. Creativity is especially important in texts in which search words are used, it is essential that the search words are constantly used in a different setting.

• Credibility

By creating an atmosphere of trust in a conversation or text, you add credibility to the message. This can be achieved by a clear and striking ‘tone’, which indicates that the information you are discussing contains the right information.

ADVANTAGES OF CITRUS FRUITS

 

ADVANTAGES OF CITRUS FRUITS

Citrus fruits are flavorful and nutritional addition to a diet. Not only are they bursting with flavor, but they also offer a wide range of health benefits. From boosting your immune system to improving your skin health, citrus fruits are a powerhouse of nutrients that can help you feel your best. Let’s take a look at some of the advantages of including citrus fruits in your diet.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

First and foremost, citrus fruits are an excellent source of vitamin C. This essential nutrient is known for its immune-boosting properties, helping to protect the body against infections and illnesses. Vitamin C also plays a crucial role in the production of collagen, a protein that supports the health of your skin, hair, and nails. By including citrus fruits in your diet, you can help keep your immune system strong and your skin looking radiant.

In addition to vitamin C, citrus fruits are also rich in other vitamins and minerals, including potassium, folate, and antioxidants. These nutrients can help support overall health and well-being, and may even help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer.

Furthermore, citrus fruits are low in calories and high in fiber, making them an excellent choice for those looking to maintain a healthy weight. The fiber in citrus fruits can help promote feelings of fullness, which can aid in weight management and prevent overeating.

 

Citrus fruits are also incredibly versatile and can be enjoyed in a variety of ways. Whether you prefer to eat them whole, drink them in juice form, or use them to flavor dishes, there are countless ways to incorporate citrus fruits into your diet.

 Overall, the advantages of citrus fruits are numerous. From their immune-boosting properties to their healthy flavorful diet. 

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