Transformer cars are reallly exists, which is designed by LETRONS
BARNACLE GOOSE
BARNACLE GOOSE
The barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) belongs to the genus Branta of black geese. it contains species with largely black plumage, distinguishing them from the grey Anser species. Despite its superficial similarity to the brant goose, genetic analysis has shown it is an eastern derivative of the cackling goose lineage.
| Branacle Goose |
HABITAT
Barnacle geese frequently build their nests high on mountain cliffs, away from predators (foxes and polar bears), but also away from food. Like all geese, the goslings are not fed by the adults. Instead of bringing food to the newly hatched goslings, the goslings are brought to the ground. Unable to fly, the three-day-old goslings jump off the cliff and fall; their small size, feathery down, and very light weight helps to protect some of them from serious injury when they hit the rocks below, but many die from the impact. Arctic foxes are attracted by the noise made by the parent geese during this time, and capture many dead or injured goslings. The foxes also stalk the young as they are led by the parents to wetland feeding areas.
FOOD THEY EAT
Barnacle geese eat a wide variety of plants. When they reach the breeding sites they forage on snow-free patches, where the birds eat roots and mosses. Later in the summer grasses and sedges dominate the diet, together with a variety of herbs and horsetails.
BREEDING
The Barnacle Goose has started breeding in Iceland. The main breeding area is in Southeast Iceland. The first known breeding of Barnacle Geese was in East-Skaftafellssýsla in 1988. Now they have become quite common in some areas such as Hornafjörður and Glacier Lagoon. They migrate to the British Isles for the winter.
To know more in urdu click on following link......
Cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol was first described in 1936. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. Cholecalciferol is available as a generic medication and over the counter. |
| Structure of vitamin D3 |
Excessive doses can result in
- vomiting,
- constipation,
- weakness, and
- confusion.
- Other risks include kidney stones.
- Normal doses are safe in pregnancy.
- It may not be effective in people with severe kidney disease.
Cholecalciferol is made in the skin following UVB light exposure. It is converted in the liver to calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D) which is then converted in the kidney to calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D). One of its actions is to increase the uptake of calcium by the intestines.
It is found in food such as
- some fish,
- cheese, and
- eggs.
- Certain foods such as milk have cholecalciferol added to them in some countries.
Ergocalciferol
Ergocalciferol
 |
| Ergocalciferol |
Ergocalciferol, also known as vitamin D2 and calciferol, is a type of vitamin D found in food and used as a dietary supplement. As a supplement it is used to prevent and treat vitamin D deficiency due to poor absorption by the intestines or liver disease. It may also be used for low blood calcium due to hypoparathyroidism. It is used by mouth or injection into a muscle.
Excessive doses can result in
- increased urine production,
- high blood pressure,
- kidney stones,
- kidney failure,
- weakness,
- constipation.
If high doses are taken for a long period of time, tissue calcification may occur. It is recommended that people on high doses have their blood calcium levels regularly checked. Normal doses are safe in pregnancy. It works by increasing the amount of calcium absorbed by the intestines and kidneys. Food in which it is found include some mushrooms.
Vitamin D
VITAMIN D
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroid responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and multiple other biological effects. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D₃ and vitamin D₂.
STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN D
There are two chemical forms of vitamin D, namely vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). The natural form of vitamin D for animals and man is vitamin D3; it can be produced in their bodies from cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol.
 |
| Structure of Vitamin D |
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VITAMIN D2 AND D3
Vitamin D2 and D3 are the two most important forms for your health. Vitamin D2 is produced by plants, and Vitamin D3 is the one made by your skin when you get enough sunlight. Fortified foods can contain either form.
So either choose a Vitamin D3 supplement, or one which contains optimal levels of both forms.
SOURCES OF VITAMIN D
Foods that provide vitamin D include:
- Fatty fish, like tuna, mackerel, and salmon.
- Foods fortified with vitamin D, like some dairy products, orange juice, soy milk, and cereals.
- Beef liver.
- Cheese.
- Egg yolks.
Sources of vitamin D for vegetarians
Recommended daily allowance for vitamin D. For those between 1 – 70 years, the daily allowance is 15 micrograms, that is, 600 International Unit (IU).
- Soy products
- Fortified cereals
- Mushrooms
- Sunlight
- Fruits
- Fortified margarine
- Alternative milk
DISEASES RELATED TO VITAMIN D
Vitamin D is essential for strong bones, because it helps the body use calcium from the diet. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with rickets, a disease in which the bone tissue doesn't properly mineralize, leading to soft bones and skeletal deformities.
Here are 8 signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency.
| Hair Loss |
- Fatigue and Tiredness. Feeling tired can have many causes, and vitamin D deficiency may be one of them
- Bone and Back Pain
- Depression
- Impaired Wound Healing
- Bone Loss
- Hair Loss. Vitamin D stimulates hair follicles, so a deficiency may lead to hair loss. There is some evidence that having a vitamin D deficiency does cause hair loss and other hair problems. Vitamin D stimulates hair follicles to grow, and so when the body does not have enough, the hair may be affected.
- Alopecia areata, an autoimmune condition that causes patchy hair loss. Research shows that people with alopecia areata have much lower levels of vitamin D than people who do not have alopecia.
- Muscle Pain.
- Infertility
Secosteroid
SECOSTEROID
A secosteroid is a type of steroid with a "broken" ring. The word secosteroid derives from the Latin words: secare meaning "to cut",and stere of steroid, meaning "solid, three-dimensional".Secosteroids are alternatively described as a subclass of steroids or derived from steroids.Types or subclasses of secosteroids are defined by the carbon atoms of the parent steroid skeleton where the ring cleavage has taken place. For example, 9,10-secosteroids derived from cleavage of the bond between carbon atoms C9 and C10 of the steroid B-ring (similarly 5,6-secosteroids, 13,14-steroids, etc.).
EXAMPLES OF SECOSTEROID
- The prototypical secosteroid is cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).
- Some nonsteroidal estrogens, like doisynolic acid and allenolic acid, are also secosteroids or secosteroid-like compounds.
Phobia and its types
PHOBIA
A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder, defined by a
persistent and excessive fear of an object or situation.
The phobia typically results
in a rapid onset of fear and
is present for more than six months.
A phobia is also a natural part of development. many people go through a phase where they are scared of the dark or are scared of strangers. Phobia can run in families with evidence of a genetic connection.
TYPES OF PHOBIAS
There are three types of phobia recognized by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). These include:
- Specific phobia: This is an intense, irrational fear of a specific trigger.
Specific phobias are known as simple phobias as they can be linked to an identifiable cause that may not frequently occur in the everyday life of an individual, such as snakes. These are therefore not likely to affect day-to-day living in a significant way.
- Social phobia, or social anxiety: This is a profound fear of public humiliation and being singled out or judged by others in a social situation. The idea of large social gatherings is terrifying for someone with social anxiety. It is not the same as shyness.
- Agoraphobia: This is a fear of situations from which it would be difficult to escape if a person were to experience extreme panic, such being in a lift or being outside of the home. It is commonly misunderstood as a fear of open spaces but could also apply to being confined in a small space, such as an elevator, or being on public transport. People with agoraphobia have an increased risk of panic disorder.
Social anxiety and agoraphobia are known as complex phobias, as their triggers are less easily recognized. People with complex phobias can also find it harder to avoid triggers, such as leaving the house or being in a large crowd.
How the brain works during a phobia
Some areas of the brain store and recall dangerous or potentially deadly events.
If a person faces a similar event later on in life, those areas of the brain retrieve the stressful memory, sometimes more than once. This causes the body to experience the same reaction.
In a phobia, the areas of the brain that deal with fear and stress keep retrieving the frightening event inappropriately.
Researchers have found that phobias are often linked to the amygdala, which lies behind the pituitary gland in the brain. The amygdala can trigger the release of "fight-or-flight" hormones. These put the body and mind in a highly alert and stressed state.
HOW TO TREAT PHOBIA MEDICINALLY
The following medications are effective for the treatment of phobias.
- Beta blockers: These can help reduce the physical signs of anxiety that can accompany a phobia.
Side effects may include an upset stomach, fatigue, insomnia, and cold fingers.
- Antidepressants: Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed for people with phobias. They affect serotonin levels in the brain, and this can result in better moods.
SSRIs may initially cause nausea, sleeping problems, and headaches.
If the SSRI does not work, the doctor may prescribe a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) for social phobia. Individuals on an MAOI may have to avoid certain types of food. Side effects may initially include dizziness, an upset stomach, restlessness, headaches, and insomnia.
- Taking a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), such as clomipramine, or Anafranil, has also been found to help phobia symptoms. Initial side effects can include sleepiness, blurred vision, constipation, urination difficulties, irregular heartbeat, dry mouth, and tremors.
- Tranquilizers: Benzodiazepines are an example of a tranquilizer that might be prescribed for a phobia. These may help reduce anxiety symptoms. People with a history of alcohol dependence should not be given sedatives.
Angina and antianginal drugs
Angina (angina pectoris)
- It is a characteristic sudden, severe, pressing chest pain radiating to the neck, jaw, back and arms.
- It is caused by insufficient coronary blood flow to the myocardium that leads to less oxygen supply and ischemia.
- This imbalance between oxygen delivery and utilization may result during exertion from a spasm of the vascular smooth muscles or from obstruction of blood vessels caused by atherosclerosis.
Types of Angina pectoris
- Stable or typical angina
- Unstable angina
- Prinzmetal or varient angina
Stable or typical angina
- it is most common form of angina
- characterized by burning, heavy or squeezing feeling of chest
- it is caused by reduced coronary perfusion due to coronary atherosclerosis
- heart becomes vulnerable to ischemia whenever there is increased demand of cardiac workload by physical activity, emotional excitement or any other cause
- it is relief by rest or nitroglycerin (vasodilator)
Unstable angina
- it lies between stable angina and myocardial infarction
- it occurs with progressively increasing frequency and is precipitated with less effort
- it is unrelated to exercise and occurs at rest
- it requires more aggressive therapy such as treatment of dyslipidemia, hypertension, or diabetes, to retard progression to myocardial infarction
- it is not relief by rest or nitroglycerin
Prinzmetal or varient angina
- uncommon pattern of episodic angina
- occurs at rest due to coronary artery spasm
- patients may have significant coronary atherosclerosis
- anginal attacks are unrelated to physical activity, heart rate, or blood pressure
- it is responds promptly to nitroglycerin and calcium channel blockers
Antianginal drugs or agents
Antianginal drugs is a term used to describe a wide variety of medicines that are used in the management of angina. Angina is a heart condition characterized by a narrowing of the coronary arteries (the arteries of the heart). Chest pain is its main symptom.
1. Nitrates (eg, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, nitroglycerin):
- These relax smooth muscle within the blood vessels, widening them and making it easier for blood and oxygen to reach the heart
- These inhibit calcium transfer into cells thereby inhibiting contraction of vascular smooth muscle
3. Beta blockers (eg, atenolol, pindolol, propranolol, metoprolol):
- These drugs slow the heart, reducing how hard it has to work
Ranolazine. The exact way it exerts its antianginal effect is not known but may be through inhibition of ion channels during cardiac repolarization.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)